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Socialist emulation
Socialist competition or socialist emulation (социалистическое соревнование, "sotsialisticheskoye sorevnovanie", or "соцсоревнование", "sotssorevnovanie") was a form of competition between state enterprises and between individuals practiced in the Soviet Union and in other Eastern bloc states.
== Competition vs. emulation ==
The first variant is a literal translation of the Russian term, commonly used by Western authors. The second form is an official Soviet translation of the term, intended to put distance from the "capitalist competition", which in its turn was translated as "капиталистическая конкуренция", "kapitalisticheskaya konkurenciya".
Implied was that "capitalist competition" only profited those that won, while "socialist emulation" benefited all involved.
In Soviet practice, according to Victor Kravchenko and Mikhail Heller, the competition between workers and industries was however not voluntary and much fiercer than the Western one. It was enforced by the collective pressure orchestrated by state security services (KGB) and local communist party representatives using collective responsibility and laws on dronery or wrecking. Race between teams and team members for over-completion of the plans led to increasingly unrealistic targets, which could be only satisfied with cheating, double accounting and hoarding of resources which, in long term, led to a collapse of supply chain in the economy. In 1987 a Soviet economist Nikolai Shmelov estimated that out of 450 billion roubel worth inventories of raw materials and parts around 170 billion was kept as surplus with the sole purpose of securing the successful completion of plans.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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